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TUSMO 1.0. Aqoon-Afeedda (Linguistics): Horddac Kooban ......................................................... 4 1.1. Af-yaqaan (Linguist) ........................................................................................................ 4 1.2. Ereyga af iyo taabudnimadiisa .................................................................................... 4 1.3. Afka maxaa af loogu bixiyey? ...................................................................................... 4 1.4. Af waa maxay? .................................................................................................................. 5 1.5. Ma dadka ayuun baa hadla? Mise Noolaha kalena way hadlaan? ................ 5 1.6.. Afka duunyada: ............................................................................................................... 5 1.7. Afka shinnida iyo ka qudhaanjada .......................................................................... 6 1.8. Noolaha kale afka dadka ma baran karaa, dadkuse afka noolaha kale ma baran karaa? .............................................................................................................................. 6 1.9. Daayeerrada iyo barashada afka ................................................................................ 7 1.9.1. Luella & Winthrop Kellogg 1930dii: ................................................................. 7 1.9.2. Catherine & Keith Hayes 1940dii: ................................................................... 7 1.9.3. Beatrix & Allen Gardner: ...................................................................................... 8 1.9.4. Kala duwanaanshaha afka dadka iyo ka duunyada .................................... 8 1.9.5. Afkii u horreeyey ee adduunka lagaga hadlay iyo ka loo malaynaayo ... 9 2.0. Sooyaal afeedda (Historical Linguistics) .................................................................... 11 2.1. Sida ay afafku u beddelmaan iyo sida lagu ogaaday xidhiidhada ka dhexeeya .................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Qofkii u horreyey ee ogaaday xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya afafka ...................... 13 2.3. Xidhiidhkii iyo aragtiyaha uu Sir William Jones soo bandhigay ................. 14 2.5. Xubnaha Qoyska Kushatigga .................................................................................... 17 3.0. SOOYAALKII QORAALKA FAR SOOMAALIDA ......................................................... 19 4.0. Barashada afafka iyo sida loogu kala qaybsan yahay .......................................... 20 4.1. Aragtida Dr. Ferdinand De Saussure ................................................................... 20 4.2. Aragtida Noam Chomsky ............................................................................................ 20 4.4. Barashada Af Soomaaliga .......................................................................................... 20 5.0. ABLA ABLAYNTA AF SOOMAALIGA ........................................................................... 22 5.1. Hunnuuhunnuu ............................................................................................................ 22 5.1.1. Higgaadda ................................................................................................................. 23 5.1.2. Alan ............................................................................................................................. 24 5.1.3. Alanka iyo Dhismihiisa: ....................................................................................... 24 5.1.4. Dhismaha alan shaqal dheer leh ..................................................................... 25 5.1.5. Dhismaha alanku marka aanu ......................................................................... 26 xag lahayn ............................................................................................................................. 26 5.2. Qodobbada ....................................................................................................................... 28 6.0. Qaab Dhismeedka Hadalka ........................................................................................... 30 6.1. Hal ..................................................................................................................................... 30 6.1.2. Taabbudnimada Ereyga Magac iyo Adeegsigiisa ......................................... 37 6.2. Hawraar ............................................................................................................................ 44